In Japan’s rich tapestry of cultural and historical practices, ohaguro, or the custom of blackening teeth, stands out as one of the most intriguing and misunderstood traditions. While this practice might seem unusual to modern observers, it holds deep cultural significance and reflects a fascinating period in Japanese history.

What is Ohaguro?

Ohaguro (お歯黒), literally meaning "black teeth," refers to the practice of dyeing one’s teeth black, a tradition that was prevalent in Japan for centuries. The blackening of teeth was achieved by applying a solution made from a combination of iron filings, vinegar, and tannin, derived from gallnut powder or tea. The result was a shiny black coating on the teeth, which was both intentional and carefully maintained.

This custom was primarily observed during Japan's Heian period (794–1185) and continued through the Edo period (1603–1868), before eventually falling out of practice in the late 19th century due to Western influences during the Meiji Restoration.

Historical Significance of Ohaguro

The practice of ohaguro was deeply rooted in Japanese culture and carried various meanings, depending on the time period and the social context.

1. Symbol of Beauty

In traditional Japanese aesthetics, black teeth were considered beautiful and elegant. Much like other historical beauty practices (such as powdered white faces), ohaguro was an enhancement of physical appearance. White teeth, when contrasted with pale skin and dyed black teeth, were thought to be unattractive, resembling animal fangs. Black teeth, on the other hand, were seen as a refined and humanizing feature.

2. Status and Maturity

Ohaguro was often associated with social status and maturity. During the Heian period, it was a practice adopted by aristocratic women, indicating wealth and refinement. By the Edo period, the custom became more widespread among married women and was seen as a sign of marital status and fidelity.

Young women often began blackening their teeth once they came of age, signaling their transition into adulthood. In this context, ohaguro served as a visual marker of maturity and readiness for marriage.

3. Religious and Protective Symbol

Ohaguro also had spiritual and symbolic significance. Blackened teeth were thought to ward off evil spirits and protect the wearer. Some practitioners believed that the black dye prevented decay and maintained dental health—a perception that was partly true, as the tannin in the dye helped strengthen the teeth and gums.

The Process of Blackening Teeth

Creating the blackening solution for ohaguro was a meticulous process. Iron filings were mixed with vinegar, which caused a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of a black, iron-based dye. To make the mixture palatable and easier to apply, ingredients like cloves or aromatic spices were added.

Women and practitioners would regularly apply the solution to their teeth to maintain the desired black sheen. The dye not only gave the teeth a shiny black appearance but also had an antibacterial effect, which may have helped preserve oral hygiene.

Decline of Ohaguro

Ohaguro began to lose its popularity during the late 19th century, particularly after the Meiji Restoration (1868), when Japan began adopting Western customs and ideals. Western beauty standards—such as white teeth and fair skin—were introduced, and blackened teeth came to be seen as outdated or unattractive.

The government also played a role in discouraging the practice. In its efforts to modernize and align with Western powers, ohaguro was banned as part of broader reforms targeting traditional customs.

Today, ohaguro is no longer practiced in daily life but remains a fascinating cultural relic. It is occasionally recreated in period dramas, theater, and festivals to celebrate Japan’s historical traditions.

Ohaguro in Popular Culture and Modern Perception

In modern times, ohaguro may seem unusual or even unsettling to those unfamiliar with its cultural background. However, it is important to understand the practice within its historical context—as a symbol of beauty, status, and cultural identity.

Today, remnants of ohaguro are still visible in some aspects of Japanese culture. For instance, in kabuki theater, actors portraying historical figures or married women may wear blackened teeth to stay true to the traditions of the time. Ohaguro also sparks interest among historians and anthropologists, who study it as an example of how cultural ideals of beauty evolve over time.

Lessons from Ohaguro: Beauty is Subjective

The tradition of ohaguro serves as a reminder of the diversity of beauty standards across cultures and time periods. What was once seen as the height of elegance and refinement in one culture may be viewed differently in another. Understanding practices like ohaguro helps us appreciate the unique values and histories of other societies.

In a world that often adheres to globalized beauty ideals, the story of blackened teeth in Japan reminds us that beauty is a cultural construct—one that evolves and adapts with the times.