Dynamic

In this part I will give an understanding of the job consequentialist morals can have in calamity settings. I will contend that consequentialist morals are most proper when choices are taken that influence not single people however bigger quantities of individuals. This is regularly the situation in political dynamics, particularly when amazing states act in the area of global relations, yet in addition in calamity settings. I will zero in on the last settings and contend that in those settings’ consequentialism is generally sufficient as an ethical hypothesis. I will likewise battle that diverse situational settings require various morals. The ethical significance of these situational settings is essentially reliant on the quantity of individuals influenced by ethically applicable choices. The detailing of my position will be gone before by a concise audit of the authentic improvement of consequentialism, essentially identified with catastrophe settings. To make my contentions as striking as conceivable I will utilize four vignettes. In two of them consequentialist morals is fitting, while in the other two deontology is a more sensible good hypothesis. In the previous two we manage enormous quantities of individuals in calamity settings; in the last two with “normal” settings that don’t influence the existences of numerous people.

10.1 Introduction

Consequentialism contends that the profound quality of an activity is dependent upon the activity’s result or outcome. Thus, an ethically right activity is one that creates a decent result or outcome. The more individuals are influenced by such a result, the better it is.

Consequentialist morals are fundamental in regard to fiascos. The explanation is that fiascos as often as possible influence enormous quantities of individuals. Likewise, the spotlight is frequently not on the individual, but rather on the ramifications for bigger quantities of individuals. Subsequently, consequentialism is a way to deal with morals that seems to fit the setting of minimization of passings and enduring in catastrophe settings.

In any case, how did consequentialism come to fruition as a hypothesis, and how has it attempted to address debacles? In what follows I will address some fundamental consequentialist ways to deal with debacles, some of them in their recorded settings. These methodologies are dependent upon two issues: first, different kinds of consequentialist morals, and second, the authentic improvement of a scope of debacles mankind has been confronting.

Somewhat I will structure my part based on these two issues, simultaneously being specific and zeroing in just on those consequentialist moves toward that are either the most significant ones or straightforwardly identified with catastrophes. A broad investigation of different variations of consequentialism will stay outside this current part’s extension. Accordingly, I won’t go into any subtleties and specificities of rule consequentialism, two-level consequentialism, thought process consequentialism, negative consequentialism, the “demonstrations and oversights tenet,” etc.1

I will infer that diverse situational settings here and there require distinctive moral methodologies. These situational settings are less socially decided but rather more they are dependent upon the presence of a fiasco setting set apart by (health related) crises in which different lives are in question and in which there is a lack of assets that are expected to save those lives. Besides, I will presume that consequentialist morals is frequently the most worthy (least unsatisfactory) approach when choices must be made about numerous people. Such choices are habitually taken in misfortune settings.

First I will give an extremely concise outline of the advancement of consequentialist morals and allude to a contemporary discussion with respect to consequentialism through the case of a hypothesis that tends to the issue of serious calamities. Practically obviously, this may be a foundation sketch for the topic of this part and in no way, shape or form something that will even take after thoroughness.

10.2 Mohist Consequentialism

The principal structure in which consequentialism showed up was state consequentialism, remarkably Mohist consequentialism (fifth century BC, named after the Chinese scholar, Mozi). It showed up accurately as an endeavour to address fiasco settings. This happened some time before the rise of utilitarianism as an ethical hypothesis that centres around people.

Mohist morals had numerous components of a political hypothesis. During Mozi’s period, war and starvations were normal in China, and populace development was viewed as an ethical need for an amicable society. Mohist consequentialism assesses virtues based on how they add to the interests of a state. Henceforth, it characterizes the interests of the state (i.e., the great) through social request, material riches, and populace development (Loewe and Shaughnessy 1999). At the end of the day, it attempts to epitomize the social request of that time in a good and political hypothesis that is considered to be the most proper one for tending to the difficulties of that request. Mohist consequentialism is thus founded on a majority of characteristic products taken as constitutive of human government assistance in regard to the Chinese province of Mozi’s Time, an express that was mostly set apart by calamity settings. In total, consequentialism at first showed up as state consequentialism as an ethical hypothesis that endeavored to address fiascos.

10.3 Consequentialism in European Antiquity

Albeit different sorts of consequentialist morals were bantered in Ancient occasions (e.g., in Plato’s exin regard tochanges, with Thrasymachus from the Republic as one of the model consequentialists), I will allude here just to indulgent, proud and austere good hypotheses. The purpose behind referencing them isn’t just their significance in Ancient occasions, yet additionally the way that these speculations are sorts of consequentialism that have the individual instead of the state in their centre, leaving in that route from State-focused methodologies, for example, Mohist consequentialism.

Epicurean hypothesis contend that delight is the main quest for humanity, while people should put forth an attempt to expand joy and limit torment, i.e., accomplish a net equilibrium of joy and agony in which the previous overwhelms the last mentioned (Tannsjo 1998). Perhaps the most notable Ancient gluttonous hypotheses is Epicureanism. This sort of moderate gratification tries to augment bliss, yet characterizes satisfaction more as a condition of serenity than joy (Evans 2004).

Self seeker speculations hold that an activity is ethically correct on the off chance that it augments the bravo. Subsequently, selfishness may legitimize activities that are useful for the individual, however unfavorable to the overall great (on the same page.).

Parsimony, then again, advances a daily existence portrayed by restraint from vain joys. Its point is for the most part the accomplishment of a profound goal. Plain hypotheses have likewise impacted the idea of the ethical great in early Christian and Medieval occasions (Clark 1999).

All these individual-based consequentialism hypotheses are not very appropriate to tending to fiascos. The explanation is that they are installed in rather various settings, settings in which logicians examine about easy street of people.

10.4 Machiavellianism

With Machiavelli, we see a restoration of state consequentialism. The verifiable setting of his ethical hypothesis was the setting of possible calamities. Machiavelli’s viewpoint is one of a counselor to an absolutist leader of his time. Unmistakably, a little city state on the Apennines’ promontory that is resolved to save itself against ruthless realms encompassing it needs to utilize different crafty strategies. As its administration is absolutist, the interest of the state and the interest of the ruler are seen as indistinguishable (‘l’Etat c’est moi’). The methods the absolutist ruler utilizes are supported by their outcomes. These results should comprise calamity anticipation in the ruler’s realm that is to make a point not to be overwhelmed by a savage domain resolved to oppress it and enslave to its own standard and culture. As oppression is a result that is exceptionally negative to the interests of individuals living in Machiavelli’s city express, the absolutist ruler has the ethical option to utilize a wide assortment of means (some of them with prompt shameless effect) to stay away from lamentable results for the state.

It should be noticed that Machiavellianism has present day variations that are neither installed in regard to absolutist states, nor in regard to fiascos. The Raison d’Etat is oftentimes utilized in global relations by equitable states that don’t confront fiascos. The legitimization for this kind of ethical quality is habitually a type of practical good hypothesis. One such hypothesis is advanced by Benjamin Barber, who contends that ethical quality is built in the political domain. It is, so to speak, some sort of enhanced governmental issues. Stylist is in this manner aversive towards logicians choosing about what will consider moral (Barber 1989). Note the likeness with Machiavelli :

However, since it is my expectation to compose something helpful to whoever gets it, it has appeared to me more fitting to go straightforwardly to the solid reality of things than to its creative mind. Also, many have envisioned republics and territories that have never been seen or known to exist in truth. For it is a long way from how one day-to-day routines to how one should experience. That he who relinquishes how is helped what ought to be done learns his ruin instead of his protection. (Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapter 15).

Both Machiavelli and Barber submit an ordinary is-should misunderstanding by expecting that solution is to be founded on depiction, that morals is to be established on existing reality (in their view this the truth is governmental issues). Be that as it may, the interest of the state doesn’t really need to be anything ethically alluring, particularly if the methods for accomplishing it are improper. In a liberal state, also, the interests of the public authority and the state absolutely don’t need to correspond. Henceforth, Machiavelli may be correct that “relinquishing how is helped what ought to be done” achieves the ruler’s “ruin instead of his conservation”, however that doesn’t imply that “what is done” is good. In any case, Machiavelli’s position can be defended by the setting of an absolutist ruler attempting to save his state (every now and again meaning his standard) from the catastrophe of its vanishing. Hairdresser’s express (in the U.S.) is a popularity based express that doesn’t confront an inevitable calamity of that kind. Subsequently, Machiavelli’s realistic consequentialism has an ethical avocation in little absolutist states. Such sort of consequentialism is harder to legitimize in contemporary political hypothesis in just settings, as in these settings the conservation of an administration and the state don’t concur.

With everything taken into account, down to earth consequentialism as an ethical hypothesis faces genuine troubles in non-catastrophe settings. As a political hypothesis it is anyway altogether supported as methods for expanding the force of the state opposite different states. We see here hence how wrong it is to diminish the good to the political. Such a reductionism can be advocated if the state is at risk for vanishing or if the state and additionally society is at risk for confronting another sort of debacle of comparable extent, yet under “customary conditions” decreasing the good to the political can barely get by as a reasonable moral hypothesis.

10.5 Utilitarianism

The rise of utilitarianism was a milestone occasion in the advancement of consequentialism morals. In spite of the fact that not completely expressed until the nineteenth century, utilitarian positions can be experienced since the commencement of moral hypothesis (e.g., see Gill 2006).

In spite of the fact that there are numerous assortments of utilitarianism, it is by and large viewed as the view that an activity is ethically correct if its results produce the most great, for example the best bliss of the best number of individuals. Utilitarianism holds that satisfaction is the amplification of delight and the minimization of torment. As indicated by utilitarians, the possibility that the ethical worth of an activity is exclusively dictated by its commitment to by and large utility (augmenting satisfaction or joy, limiting torment) applies to all people. Henceforth, in utilitarianism it is the absolute utility of people that is significant.

Utilitarianism holds that (joy) is inherently significant, while torment (enduring) is naturally disvaluable. Truly, all the other things has esteem just to the degree that it adds to bliss and the anticipation of damage. In that sense, likewise with any remaining kinds of consequentialism, utilitarianism is instrumental: it legitimizes an expansive range of means prompting an alluring end, characterized by utilitarians as an augmentation of delight.

Utilitarianism favors equivalent thought of interests, dismissing any separation among people in regard to who is deserving of concern. It doesn’t separate among people. Utilitarianism does anyway uphold declining negligible utility, perceiving that something very similar can work well for the interests of an off individual less significantly than it would work well for the interests of a less off person.

The causes of utilitarianism are frequently followed back to Epicureanism. Yet, as a particular way of thinking, it is by and large ascribed to the originator of utilitarianism in England, Jeremy Bentham (e.g., Bentham 1789), just as to John Stuart Mill (e.g., Mill 1861). Seemingly the most persuasive contemporary utilitarian, Peter Singer, extends the standard of utility from people to a consistently growing circle of creatures with moral status, explicitly creatures (Singer 2011).

At long last, let it be noted also that utility, after which utilitarianism is named, is a measure in financial aspects relating to the general fulfillment and attractive quality of the utilization of products. Utilitarianism can truly be viewed as a quantitative way to deal with morals, in which the amplification of delight/minimization of agony is the shared factor of the virtue of the outcomes of our activities.

10.6 A Contemporary Debate: “Extreme Harm”

A lot of contemporary moral idea has some type of utilitarianism/consequentialism as its establishing reasoning. It would be a long ways past the motivations behind this part to go into the discussions on this issue or even to give a sufficient survey of the subjects that are in question. I will restrict myself in this manner to one profoundly compelling consequentialism hypothesis in bioethics that has a bringing down of the probability of calamities as its establishing reasoning. Igmar Persson and Julian Savulescu have advanced a hypothesis lately which contends that mankind has adjusted its ethical quality through development to what exactly is considered as good and bad in little affectionate social orders. In such social orders very little consideration is being paid to more extensive networks and the non-short term. Consequently, the ethical quality of such social orders is “nearsighted”. With the quick improvement of new advancements, nonetheless, mankind faces the peril of huge scope catastrophes, some of which may either demolish humanity or make advantageous life on this planet perpetually unthinkable. Persson and Savulescu call this situation “extreme damage”. As humankind is “ethically nearsighted” and subsequently unequipped for really understanding and forestalling the peril of extreme mischief, it needs moral bioenhancement: an improvement of its ethical character by biomedical methods (Persson and Savulescu 2012). They at first contended that the state should make this sort of good improvement obligatory (Persson and Savulescu 2008), while in their later works they have not received a definitive position on that issue (Persson and Savulescu 2012).

The significant point for the motivations behind this part is that Persson and Savulescu don’t legitimize moral bioenhancement by some inherent great that is contained in profound quality, yet by its results. These results comprise in a bringing down of the probability of fiascos, particularly a significant debacle that would in some structure basically destroy human existence, or if nothing else advantageous human existence. In accordance with a lot of consequentialism thinking, they legitimize the technique they propose by its ramifications for huge quantities of individuals.

Persson and Savulescu have been condemned by different researchers for a huge number of reasons, going from the contention that psychological improvement is adequate for moral advancement and that ethical bioenhancement is in this way pointless (Harris 2011) to the contention that ethical bioenhancement is to be desired, however just under the condition that it is elective2 (Rakić 2014).3

A researcher who pertinently brought into question the consequentialism contained in the contention of Persson and Savulescu was Harris Wiseman. He contended that the entire origination of looking for an establishing reasoning for moral improvement in the bringing down of the probability of extreme damage was misinformed. In undeniable reality, Wiseman brought into question the whole consequentialism strain of Persson and Savulescu’s position. He contended, to be specific, that the profound quality of activities should not to be justified merely by their consequences, even if they are as dramatic as is ultimate harm (Wiseman 2014).

10.7 Different Games, Different Moral Rules

Utilitarianism is a fitting good hypothesis independent of the reality whether the setting is provincial (quakes, tidal waves, typhoons) or worldwide (extreme damage catastrophes included) – as long as it manages numerous individuals as opposed to a solitary person. Like different kinds of consequentialism, utilitarianism may be totally proper in misfortune settings, simultaneously being a substantially less satisfactory good hypothesis in “typical”, non-calamity and non-crisis settings. Allow us to take a gander at the accompanying models.

Model 1

Psychological oppressors have exploded a bomb in the fundamental lobby of an air terminal. There are two or three dozen fatalities and many injured individuals. Some of them are seriously harmed with an exceptionally low probability of endurance, others are seriously harmed with moderate odds of endurance, a third gathering of individuals are seriously harmed with a high probability of endurance, another gathering have no dangerous wounds except for require prompt clinical consideration, but another gathering of individuals have mellow wounds. There is a deficiency of clinical staff at the scene, individuals are freezing, and quick activity is required. In such a debacle setting, a consequentialist approach would be totally suitable. Clinical staff would need to settle on emergency choices: assets ought to be spent on the individuals who are seriously harmed, however with a sensibly high probability of endurance. In the event that those assets were spent on the harmed casualties with a low probability of endurance, fewer lives would be saved as a result.

Model 2

Two militaries go head to head in the combat zone. One of the two has many murdered and injured fighters and its commandants request a withdrawal. As a result of a lack of calculated assets, some injured officers must be given up. Emergency follows. Such emergency may look like the one from Example 1, however it could likewise have different specificities. For example, inclination may be given to protect the existences of clinical staff to have however many individuals as could reasonably be expected who can save the existences of those injured fighters who won’t be abandoned. This is a run-of-the-mill consequentialism rationale that is completely advocated in the depicted setting.4, 5

These two instances of consequentialism rationale, regardless of whether advocated in the cases the models allude to, would be improper in a non-debacle and non-crisis setting. Emergency dependent on consequentialism morals is something that is probably not going to happen under normal conditions in a clinic with adequate clinical assets. In such conditions the ethical rationale of the doctor is generally a deontology that depends on his expert temperance – the obligation to give the most ideal clinical consideration to the specific patient whom the specialist is treating. A utilitarian rationale in such conditions may be outrageous. Take the accompanying notable model.

Model 3

David, Klaas and Hakan are in critical condition. To endure, David needs a heart relocate, Klaas a liver transfer, while Hakan must be saved if his pancreas is being relocated. Nemanja and his significant other visit their companions. Shockingly and alarm Nemanja’s significant other reveals to her darling spouse that he has the ethical obligation to save these three lives, forfeiting his own, by giving his heart to David, liver to Klaas and pancreas to Hakan. Nemanja, a utilitarian, is making careful effort to convince his better half that in this specific case the ethically legitimized net utility doesn’t comprise in saving three lives by forfeiting one life (his own life).

Allow us presently to develop a portion of the derisory idiocies of utilitarianism (and different kinds of consequentialism) in specific settings, based on the accompanying model.

Model 4

6 Mr. Prokic is a dedicated spouse and father of two kids, who lives in nation A. He has an average marriage. His significant other sees him as unromantic and for the most part unsuitable, while the two his child and little girl think he is through and through dull. Mr. Prokic makes no one especially upbeat or troubled. At a certain point he meets an outcast from country B, Mr. Bajic. Mr. Bajic is a consequentialist. He was a colonel in the multitude of the Communist state Y, shown Marxism at the military foundation and worked for the military’s counter-knowledge administration, mostly by detailing politically presume discussions led by his confidants and companions to his bosses. After the separation of Y, Mr. Bajic joined a paramilitary gathering. At the point when this maverick armed force began to pull out from the pieces of B where Mr. Bajic started from, he started to guarantee initial a C and later a B root of his last name, however he stayed in any case unaccepted as their family by both the individuals from ethnic gathering C and ethnic gathering B. At long last Mr. Bajic chose to escape to A where he resigned from the military and enlisted as an evacuee.

Mr. Bajic is additionally a zoophile. He turned into that as an adolescent in his town in B wherein there were just 20 family units. His life as a goat herder added to him building up a sexual interest in goats. He won’t ever wed. In the wake of enrolling as an exile in He bought a house in a town close to A’s capital and purchased many goats from his retirement cash that was being paid consistently to him by the military. He took great consideration of his goats and kept on procuring fulfillment by being explicitly close with them.

Mr. Bajic had a durable interest in morals. He disguised before his companions, some of whom were his previous understudies, as a deontologist – to utilize his concealed consequentialism tendencies. Be that as it may, to Mr. Prokic he didn’t take on the appearance of a deontologist. Mr. Bajic disclosed to Mr. Prokic that he drives an ethically more praiseworthy life than Mr. Prokic. His contention was that he adds to net joy on the planet more than Mr. Prokic does: he is glad, his goats are upbeat, he doesn’t hurt anybody, he plays around with his companions and neighbors, while then again, Mr. Prokic satisfies no one. Mr. Prokic was confused.

However, that was not the finish of the story. Mr. Bajic presented Mr. Prokic to his old buddy, Mr. Bobanic, a zoophile Mr. Bajic knew from his youth life in country B, and furthermore a negligible crook. Mr. Bobanic left B for A privilege after the start of the war and was incredulous of A for not having the option to complete a productive draft and quick control of B. Mr. Bobanic, who kept up close associations with the mystery police for which he worked in the socialist period, before long turned into the head of a destroyed organization from the communist time frame. The state endures the presence of this organization as it utilizes a couple hundred individuals, paying them negligible compensations. Mr. Bobanic is engaged with different frivolous crimes, principally low-level defilement. As he doesn’t take a ton, the predominant ideological group signs to the police and public investigator to leave Mr. Bobanic and the organization he runs settled.

At a certain point Mr. Bajic held nothing back from Mr. Prokic in the accompanying manner: “You see, even Mr. Bobanic is more good than you are; he is significantly more good than I am, as he contributes most to the net equilibrium of satisfaction – Mr. Bobanic satisfies both himself since he can understand his zoophilia, he takes to the degree that this fulfills him, his organization utilizes many individuals who live in helpless conditions yet are glad for not being eager, and as a frivolous hoodlum he doesn’t cost the state excessively. All in all, on the off chance that we group the profound quality of the three characters in this model in a utilitarian style, we will get the accompanying rundown in diminishing request of profound quality: Mr. Bobanic, Mr. Bajic, Mr. Prokic.

Instinctively, be that as it may, the majority of us would be slanted to ethically favor Mr. Prokic’s bluntness and the way that he doesn’t make anybody excessively glad or excessively miserable, to Mr. Bajic’s zoophilia, affectation and an overall deceitfulness invading as long as he can remember (all of which goes unnoticed), and particularly to the bad “finance manager”, frivolous crook and zoophile Mr. Bobanic who seems to contribute most to the net equilibrium of joy to the detriment of misery by the two his zoophilia (that brings Mr. Bobanic a great deal of euphoria) and his situation in the state communist organization that he runs and in which his representatives are saved of extraordinary existential difficulties (for which some of them even extol Mr. Bobanic).7

Models 1 and 2 courtesy consequentialism, while Examples 3 and 4 are expected to depict settings in which utilitarianism and some other kind of consequentialism seem, by all accounts, to be deficient good hypotheses. Particularly the last to some degree luxurious model is planned such that shows an entire scope of issues that bring into question a utilitarian/consequentialism morals in that particular setting.

10.8 Disaster Bioethics as Disaster Consequentialism

In fiasco settings where choices must be made that depend on emergency pointed toward saving the biggest conceivable number of lives with lacking assets, the quantity of lives saved trumps regard for social shows. The explanation is that saving lives is an all-inclusive virtue. It is ethically more huge than a socially decided show that is pertinent just in a particular setting with relative as opposed to all-inclusive qualities.

One among numerous models is the accompanying. Fiasco responders have saved loads of individuals’ lives by performing removals. Albeit the amputees have been excluded in a portion of the way of life they started from, winding up starving, this has not brought about catastrophe responders stopping to perform removals. The explanation is that in specific cases removals can save lives.

A narrow-minded sacralization of social explicitness is improper in the event that it implies that we should separate between individuals based on some kind of economic wellbeing or other characteristic and induce from that a few day-to-day routines should be liked to different lives. The degree to which social qualities are to be regarded involves degree. That is the reason their worth is relative instead of all-inclusive. They are shows.

Certain virtues, then again, are more than shows. Treating human lives similarly is one such worth. In any case, even here there can be exemptions. One of them has been tended to in this part: catastrophes. In fiasco settings, specifically, the estimation of equivalent treatment of living souls can once in a while be relativized. It very well may be ethically legitimized to “let go” of an everyday routine to save more experiences. In cases in which choices are being taken about numerous lives, while clinical assets are inadequately accessible, calamity respondents may have an ethical obligation not to treat a patient who is probably not going to endure – to save more lives. Models 1 and 2 show such cases. In those settings’ consequentialism ends up being a predominant good hypothesis.

In non-catastrophe settings, then again, deontology (Example 3) or ethicalness morals (Example 4) are the ones that are being liked. In Example 3, Nemanja doesn’t have an ethical obligation to forfeit his life by giving his organs to others. In addition, neither his better half nor the treating doctor of the three patients has an ethical obligation to request this from him. The treating doctor has an ethical obligation to utilize different intends to help his three patients. Henceforth, consequentialism is not feasible here as a satisfactory good precept. Likewise, in Example 4 consequentialism morals brings about idiocies. In this model it is the temperance of the three characters that we evidently esteem considerably more than the results of their deeds. Here it is righteousness morals that seems predominant.

With everything taken into account, in various situational settings various moralities are being liked. Settings in which consequentialism morals is favored are those wherein choices must be taken about different lives. Calamities by and large have a place with them. It can subsequently be inferred that catastrophe settings seem to require calamity consequentialism.

Commentaries

These sorts of consequentialism are being inspected in different examinations on moral hypotheses, beginning from relating areas in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, to Mizzoni (2010) and Hooker (2000).

This additionally raises questions about the importance of the hypothesis of Persson and Savulescu for the calamities which are generally normal: those that don’t affect the entire globe, however that are restricted to specific locales of the world. I’m obliged to Dónal O’Mathúna for this understanding.

A comparative however less determined position for willful good improvement can be found in Douglas (2011) – distributed before Rakić’s work.

This is anyway not without banter. Various creators contend that a simply consequentialism approach should be offset with other moral methodologies (Petrini 2010). See additionally Ten Have (2014) and Barilan (2014).

The ethical standards from Examples 1 and 2 are obviously the same old thing. They are educated at clinical schools all through the world inside subjects that manage earnest and war a medical procedure. They are one more sign that in those particular settings it is consequentialism morals that is being applied generally speaking.

The characters in this model are individuals I, for one, know. I have changed their names and a portion of their fundamental eccentricities to make them both unrecognizable to the per user, just as to make the point as solid as could be expected (zoophilia being made up as one of their attributes). The substance of their ethical character and an assortment of the situational settings in which they worked have anyway been left unaltered.

Obviously, different issues may be opened in the event that we attempt to compute utility in an alternate manner, for example by contending that the state and its residents would be in an ideal situation if Bobanic and comparative characters were terminated and captured. That may in all likelihood be the situation, yet in our model the state doesn’t keep up such a rationale. Thus, Mr. Bajic is completely correct when contending from his consequentialism point of view that Mr. Bobanic is an ethically excellent character.